Comparing The Morgentaler Case Of 1993 And The Smolig And...

In chapter one, the difference between the three types of crimes in Canada were discussed: summary, indictable, and hybrid offences. Summary offences take place in provincial/territorial court, and and the maximum penalty fine is six months in prison, five thousand dollars, or both. An example of a summary offence is soliciting in a public place, or carrying a weapon while attending a public meeting. An indictable offence is one that is much more severe. The sentences given are much more serious. Crimes considered an indictable offence include manslaughter, robbery, and aggravated sexual assault. A hybrid/dual offence could include sexual assault, theft under five thousand dollars, or unlawful imprisonment. The Morgentaler case of 1993 and the Smolig and Scott case of 1988 were cases that would have a very impactful ruling. The supreme court of Canada decided that section 287 of the criminal code infringed the rights of section 7 in the charter of rights and freedoms. Section 7 state s that â€Å"Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of the person and the right not to be deprived thereof except in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice.† (Constitution Acts, 1867 to 1982) This declared that abortion could ne longer be considered a criminal offence because it was unconstitutional and violated one’s rights under section 7. The oakes test would be applied to a case such as this. The oakes test is a legal test the courts use to determine whether an

Female Empowerment in Kate Chopins The Awakening

Heinrich-Heine-Università ¤t Wintersemester 2010/11 Vertiefungsmodul Kurs: American Realism and Naturalism - Short Stories Seminarleiter: Georg Schiller Datum der Abgabe: 16.04.2011 Female Empowerment in Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Awakening† Anjana Dhir BA Englisch KF, Geschichte NF 3. Semester Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. The French – Creole society of Louisiana 4 2.1 Cultural background 4 2.2 French-Creole women 5 3. The Role of Women 6 4.1 Edna vs. Madame Ratignolle 7 3.1.1 â€Å"A Valuable Piece of Property† 7 3.1.2 Edna – The Unusual Woman 9†¦show more content†¦2. The French – Creole Society in Louisiana The French-Creole society in which Edna Pontellier lived and, ultimately, sought to break free from is not only a lead character in Chopin’s story, but equally relevant to the social historian in understanding the context in which women like Edna felt compelled to improve their social condition. The society during Chopin’s time period was undergoing remarkable social changes in which the role of women, amongst other things, began to face a change. While America started progressing towards urbanization and industrialization, more women began to protest against their unequal social position. From society’s point of view, ideally, a woman’s place was at home. She was to maintain her role as a wife and a mother, while men would be in charge of secular affairs. Soon the concept of the â€Å"New Woman† came into being. In the 1890’s countless women’s organizations came together to demand an improvement of their living standards and get rid of inequality. The â€Å"New Woman [†¦] rejected traditional stereotypes of woman as delicate, passive and domestic; she demanded, and began to move towards obtaining, education, careers, dress reform and suffrage.† 2.1 Cultural Background The Awakening was written at the end of the 19th century and is based on the French – Creole society inShow MoreRelatedThe Unique Style Of Kate Chopin s Writing1603 Words   |  7 Pagesunique style of Kate Chopin’s writing has influenced and paved the way for many female authors. Although not verbally, Kate Chopin aired political and social issues affecting women and challenging the validity of such restrictions through fiction. Kate Chopin, a feminist in her time, prevailed against the notion that a woman’s purpose was to only be a housewife and nothing more. Kate Chopin fortified the importance of women empowerment, self-expression, self-assertion, and female sexuality throughRead MoreKate Chopin s Life And Feminism1281 Words   |  6 PagesKate Chopin’s Life and Works- Feminism Kate Chopin, born on February 8th, 1850, was a progressive writer in the midst of a conservative and unequal time. She exposed the unfair undertones of society in such a way that made people outrage and condemn some of her works. However, in the early 1900s, her works were examined again and people started to listen to her ideas. One of these main motifs that Chopin’s works kept bringing up were feminism and equality. In The Awakening, Edna Pontellier, a radicalRead MoreThe Awakening Historicism Analysis968 Words   |  4 PagesA New Historicism Analysis of The Awakening Kate Chopin’s The Awakening is a story written in the late 19th century about a woman named Edna becoming independent and finding herself in a time when women had little to no rights and people saw them as the property of their husband. This is a new historicism literary criticism, analyzing how what was going on in the time period influenced this novel. Racism, sexism, and feminism were all going on at this time and therefore influenced it greatly. DuringRead More Symbolism in Kate Chopins The Awakening Essay1467 Words   |  6 PagesSymbolism in Kate Chopins The Awakening Chopins The Awakening is full of symbolism.   Rather than hit the reader on the head with blunt literalism, Chopin uses symbols to relay subtle ideas.   Within each narrative segment, Chopin provides a symbol that the reader must fully understand in order to appreciate the novel as a whole.   I will attempt to dissect some of the major symbols and give possible explanations as to their importance within the text.   Art itself is a symbol of both freedomRead MoreYevgeniy Pastukhov Semchenkov. Eng 201-0908. Pr. Chrysula1554 Words   |  7 PagesYevgeniy Pastukhov Semchenkov ENG 201-0908 Pr. Chrysula Norway 5/14/2017 Emancipation in The Awakening and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† Kate Chopin’s the most well-known work The Awakening and Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† both initially published in 1899, present astoundingly analogous stories of the role of women in society. Both texts are narrated from the point of view of a female protagonist who breaks away from the restraining conventions of a male-ruled society beforeRead MoreThe Idea Of Feminism Grew Through A Variety Of Movements,1310 Words   |  6 PagesPopular Feminist Commentators in an Era of Sexualisation written by Claire Elizabeth Charles, Charles states that representations of young femininity have increased over the years in a positive light creating more self-determination, success and empowerment; in other words, ‘girl power’. Despite the contrasting negative response with sexualisation, pornification and ‘raunch culture’, the future for feminist culture seems to be on the rise and is considered to be an under-e xplored cultural phenomenonRead More Kate Chopin’s The Awakening - The Feminist Awakening Essay2094 Words   |  9 PagesThe Feminist Awakening    Women’s rights have evolved over time; beginning with being homemakers and evolving to obtaining professions, acquiring an education, and gaining the right to vote. The movement that created all these revolutionary changes was called the feminist movement. The feminist movement occurred in the twentieth century. Many people are not aware of the purpose of the feminist movement. The movement was political and social and it sought to set up equality for women. Women’s groupsRead MoreEssay on The Importance of Point of View in Kate Chopin’s Fiction3285 Words   |  14 PagesThe Importance of Point of View in Kate Chopin’s Fiction The impact of Kate Chopin’s novel, The Awakening, on society resulted in her ruin, both literary and social. Reviewers called it vulgar, improper, unhealthy, and sickening. One critic said that he wished she had never written it, and another wrote that to truly describe the novel would entail language not fit for publication (Stipe 16). The overwhelming condemnation of the entire book rather than just Edna’s suicide seems surprisingRead MoreThe Awakening Of Women s Rights2106 Words   |  9 Pages The Awakening of Women’s Rights Women’s rights have evolved from being housewives to obtaining careers, receiving an education, and gaining the right to vote. The feminist movement created all these historic changes for women. This movement was highly controversial and it fought to set up equal rights for women. Women’s groups worked together to win women’s suffrage and later to create the Equal Rights Amendment. The economic boom in 1917 and the early 1960s brought many women into the workplaceRead MoreThe Feminist Movement Of The Twentieth Century2029 Words   |  9 PagesThe Feminist Awakening Women’s rights have evolved over time; beginning with being homemakers and evolving to obtaining professions, acquiring an education, and gaining the right to vote. The movement that created all these revolutionary changes was called the feminist movement. The feminist movement occurred in the twentieth century. Many people are not aware of the purpose of the feminist movement. The movement was political and social and it sought to set up equality for women. Women’s groups

The Old Story Time free essay sample

The author Old Story Time, Trevor Rhone uses strategies for his readers to understand his play. The following will be considered in this essay: How the writer enables the readers to understand the culture of the play/Caribbean people, How mamas view of black people in the play and how does racism affect the life of two characters. In this play there are a lot of culture the writer makes us understand about the Caribbean. Such as the game touch that was played by peal and Len. After Len was not studying for school he seemed to have the time to play touch with Pearl. The way Pearl and Len plays the game is when girl or boy must touch any private part of each other body. Story Telling is one of the culture the Caribbean like to do. It is mention in the play, stories that are told by Pa Ben and the others. We will write a custom essay sample on The Old Story Time or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They like to share what they know of that their parents or grandparents tell them. Mama believes in Obeah (voodoo). In the Caribbean it is called obeah. Mama believes that when something bad happens to Len she blames it on Obeah, thinking it all has to do with the spirits of dead. The Nine Night is a caribbean culture to pay respect to the dead. Usually there is a celebration after the funeral where they invite everyone that was there to come and eat and dance. The singing and dancing is required in the Caribbean. Pa Ben says â€Å"Come, we going sing sankey tonight,† it is a Banahim (song book). He starts to sing and dance to. And there is the remembrance/gossip. Remembering the dead and what has happened during the day. The gossip is when they talk black people in society, for example. Mama hates black people! Mama does not like anything black. â€Å"she wouldnt even have a black chicken in her yard. mama has become mentally racist, to her son and to her self. It affects others around her since she is black too. Mama does not encourage any thing black how many times A must tell you, anything black nuh good? All mama wants is for Len to get get with Revrend Greaves daughter, Margret because they are white and white people are achievement with ambition. Mama is racist to Pearl, especially mama does not like her because she is a black girl with no ambition she is not going anywhere other than finding men and getting pregnant. Now mama has made a mistake thinking black people are no where near the white people, but look at Len for an example. Hes not white, hes black like his mama and pearl, but even though he has qualified and now in college, he is still struggling. Pa ben does not encourage this, what mama is doing with Len and Margret, trying to get them together when he knows that Len does not want to be with Margret. He knows what Miss Aggy wants, just for her son to do good in life with a white woman, at least. Pa Ben knows that Len has met a girl when he was away and she is not Margret, she is a black girl. Pa Ben knows that mama would not be happy her son is with a black girl. But mama does not realize her son is not happy until he met the black girl. Pa Ben became a confederate. Len began sending letters to him begging him not to tell his mother. And Pa Ben kept the secret. Racism affects anyone. But in this story, it affects Mama, Len, Pearl etc. The two that it mostly affects is Mama and Pearl, but I have said enough about Mama, so it is Len and Pearl who are really affected. In the play Pearl and Len seemed to liked each other but mama did not accept it. Mama wants Len to have nothing with Pearl because she has no education and no upward social mobility, Len is the opposite of her, he is symbolic of men in society, who had the rare chance of getting education. Mama knows best Mama knows what she is talking about for Len. He does need education if he wants to go off to college, but yet again its mamas dream to send him off for his own benefit. Back then Len could not get a decent job because he is black when racism had just been abolished. And it was still hard for Len to get a good education and to be in college. The white people bullies Len because of his race. It was hard for Pearl too. Since she had no education cause she did not go to school.. And the only thing Pearl can do is just make babies with different men. In the Old Story time book you can learn many thing life challenges, lessons and its culture like racism, the background, the music, the stories and etc. Ive learned about how hard it was for Len and how hard it is out in society even todays generation. But I also got to learn about things I didnt even know about the Caribbean.

The USS Constitution Old Ironsides A Most fortunate ship by Tyrone G. Martin Essay Essay Example

The USS Constitution: Old Ironsides: A Most fortunate ship by Tyrone G. Martin Essay Paper â€Å"A Most Fortunate Ship† . published in 1980. is frequently called the unequivocal history of the history of the USS Constitution. These memoirs of â€Å"Old Ironsides† . compiled by one of her head commanding officers. T. G. Martin. paint a graphic image of life in the US Navy during the 19Thursdaycentury. and of the naval endeavors and feats during the war of 1812. Martin was himself the 49Thursdaycommanding officer of the shipo between 1974 and 1978. Martin describes the history of theUSS Constitution. which was constructed and launched in 1797 at the Edmond Hartt Shipyard in Boston. He inside informations the building of the ship. which received the moniker. â€Å"Old Ironsides† . Cannonballs could non perforate the oak sides. gaining the ship its name. With a supplanting of 2000 dozenss. the ship carried a crew of more than 450. and his history of the ship’s enterprises introduces many of the inside informations of what their day-to-day lives must hold been. We will write a custom essay sample on The USS Constitution: Old Ironsides: A Most fortunate ship by Tyrone G. Martin Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The USS Constitution: Old Ironsides: A Most fortunate ship by Tyrone G. Martin Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The USS Constitution: Old Ironsides: A Most fortunate ship by Tyrone G. Martin Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For illustration. Martin describes the organisation of the crew ( p. ) . how the crew was fed ( p. ) and disciplined ( p. ) . plus other elements of their day-to-day modus operandis. Life was unreliable plenty in the 19Thursdaycentury. thanks to the bounds of medical and scientific cognition. and by and large hapless nutrition of the working categories. Aboard a ship. which could be out at see for several months at a clip. diet. sanitation. and general wellness were all major concerns and required considerable attending. peculiarly for the intents of keeping subject and order aboard a naval vas such as the Constitution. which was an of import arm during the War of 1812. Possibly one of the most absorbing inside informations of Martin’s histories. nevertheless. is grounds of the adversities experienced by the ship itself. which. after all. saw major combat several times. To gain the name. â€Å"Old Ironsides† . the ship surely was subjected to several onslaughts from enemy cannons. Sing the full vas was constructed from wood. it is slightly dumbfounding – possibly at least to the modern reader – that no serious harm was done on impact. During the 19Thursdaycentury. wooden boards called wales were used to make ships. The wales were fastened to other lumbers called frames. Caulking was the technique used to make full spreads between the chaffs that created the possibility of allowing H2O into the ship. Martin discusses the history of the USS Constitution by depicting its building along these lines. In fact. he explains that it was necessary for the sides and the deck of the Constitution to be caulked before the ship went to sea. Ships in the 19Thursdaycentury were neer wholly rainproof and the procedure of calking had to be repeated on a regular basis to forestall new leaks. Caulk of the Constitution was started on July 7Thursday. his neer produces a wholly rainproof ship. but it does do the entry of H2O manageable. BeforeFundamental lawcould travel to sea it was necessary to calk non merely her sides but her decks as good. These and other inside informations Martin provides approximately early American naval history are both entertaining and enlightening. His cognition of the ship and his enthusiasm for his work on board vibrate throughout his narrative voice. For illustration. we learn that the Constitution was one of the first frigates of all time built by the US Navy. Six such ships were built originally in the Edmond Hartt shipyard and they were designed to transport an amazing 44 guns. In his narrative. Martin describes the ship’s assorted runs on behalf of the US Navy. The first of these was the undeclared war with France. The Fundamental law was involved in this struggle between 1798 and 1800. She was so the flagship for a Mediterranean squadron during the Tripolitan War. from 1801 to 05. Most celebrated of all. the Fundamental law was so involved in the War of 1812. During this struggle. the ship became peculiarly celebrated as it was a cardinal factor in the triumphs at several conflicts. The Constitution won. for illustration. elaborated conflicts with two British frigates. the Guerriere and the Java. The Constitution fought the Guerriere at a topographic point about 750 stat mis east of Boston on August 19Thursday. 1812. She fought against the Java someplace off the seashore of Brazil on December 29Thursday. 1812. The Constitution made its last combat circuit in 1814-15. The vas had spent long periods of clip in port even while it was in service for the naval forces. Often. there were fixs that had to be done but sometimes there were encirclements that affected the ship’s ability to acquire to see. Regardless. the Fundamental law captured eight more ships under the bid of one of her most celebrated captains. Charles Stwart. When she returned to port after the terminal of the war of 1812. it was back to the fix pace for about six old ages. After functioning with the Mediterranean squadron several old ages subsequently. the Fundamental law returned to port in Boston in 1828. After the Meditterranean run and a return to Boston. Martin introduces us to what must be the most compelling ground for naming the ship. â€Å"most fortunate† . Having survived many arduous confrontations and tete-a-tete conflicts at see. the Fundamental law was found to be unfit for service in 1830 and seruptitiously recommended for the bit pile. What prevented this from go oning: public call. The Constitution was recongized. even every bit early as the 1830s. as one of the greatest war vessels in US Navel history. It was besides in 1830 that Oliver Wendell Holmes published a verse form in congratulations of the ship. â€Å"Old Ironsides† . everlastingly set uping the angelic vas in the American consciousness. The United States Congress agreed to the necessary Reconstructions of the vas and passed the appropriate statute law. Before long. the ship was back in committee and off to tur the universe once more. Martin describes the ship’s 2nd tally as a flagship in the Mediterraean during 1835. subsequent to functioning the same map in the South Pacific. passed an appropriation for Reconstruction and in 1835. Triumphant. Martin goes on to depict the ship’s following great escapade: a 30-month ocean trip around the universe beginning in March 1844. Martin’s geographic expedition of the ship’s history during the American Civil War and during the 1850s. policing the African seashore for slaves. provides a deep-probing expression at the political and societal worlds of the period. The Constitution played an improtant function in both operation of the slave trade and the American Civil War. During the war. the Fundamental law was used as a preparation shipo for midshipmen. and since encirclements would turn out rather important to the succes of the North. the function of the Constitution should be given acknowledgment. Equally early as 1838. nevertheless. wooden ships were on the threshold of going disused as navy vass. At that clip. steam ships had begun to do regular transatlantic crossings. Martin besides describes how at lesat one of the cardinal naval conflicts of the civil war. the Battle of Hampton Roads. showed the fatal failings of wooden-hulled war vessels agains ships constructed from or dress in Fe. After several more decennaries of service – neer on the front lines but ever in a important function behind them – the ship was saved one time more from the bit pile by public demand for its saving. It survived the 20Thursdaycentury as a memorial standing as testament to the naval might of the United States. and eventually. under the bid of Martin himself. the ship became a genuinely famed attractive force in Boston’s seaport. Overall. Tyrone Martin writes a greatest history of this august war vessel. USS Constitution. There can be no uncertainty that he provides a reasonably complete history of the vessel’s service and the linguistic communication manner. although functioning as an historical history. is easy colloquial and filled with anecdotes that make the inside informations – and there are many – accessible to all readers. The narrative screens virtually every facet of the ship. fro its design and building. through to its more recent enterprises. even some that took topographic point after Martin’s committee as commanding officer had expired. Possibly the most gratifying elements of the book are those most human elements. Indeed. Martin goes to great lengths to show insightful portrayals of some of the major personalities whose lives crossed with the USS Constitution throughout her long history. Among the most celebrated figures: Talbot. Hull. Bainbridge. Elliot. Noteworthy excessively is the manner in which Martin truly captures a sense in his righting of the delicate nature of big sailing vass contrasted to their huge lastingness. The Constitution. after all. suffered considerable damaged and needed really extended fixs throughout its calling. That said. the ship survived legion storms. foundations. enemy fire. and even a hurricane. Although the ship’s log is the principle beginning of information for the first subdivision of the book. the ship’s really earliest history. Martin rapidly moves on to set up is ain voice as storyteller and therefore engages his audience with accomplishment. His intimate cognition of the ship and its history is overall presented in an entertaining and piquant signifier. on that transcends the authoritative historical history by doing the pertinent history accessible to merely about anyone. This book is good deserving reading. regardless of whether you are a sailing partisan or a general reader. Mentions. Martin. T. G. ( 1997 ) . A Most Fortunate Ship. A Narrative History of â€Å"Old Ironsides† . Capital of maryland: Naval Institute Press.

A Short Essay For A Intro To Bussiness Class Essays - Stock Market

A Short Essay For A Intro To Bussiness Class Essays - Stock Market A Short Essay for a Intro to Bussiness Class In the October 14th issue of Businessweek there is an article entitled "Cavwat Entrepreneur" by Michelael Schroeder. This artical details how modern day stock fraud scams are committed and it details one such example. In brief, the conmen target a small, non-public company that has the prospects of growth. They promise its managers finanial assistance by merging it with a public company in financial trouble, getting the public listing with minimal disclosure. The conmen pump in money, aquiring ventures, while taking control by placing cohorts on the board of directors. They then do a reverse stock split to boast the stock price and reduce the number of shares (in the example the number of shares outstanding dropped from 10 million to about 500,000, which caused the stock's price to rise from 34 cents a share to nearly $7.00 a share). Then the board of directors quietly issued millions of additional shares, which they and the conmen snapped up, registering the shares through SEC loopholes. Next they get brokers to push customers to buy the stock, which increases the stock's price. When the stock price is high enough, the hustlers then unload their shares, employing off-shore accounts to hide the profits. What makes this type of stock fraud often go undetected is the fact that the conmen work through leditmate companies and not some sham organization. By the time anyone figures out that a crime has been committed, the conmen have their money in off-shore accounts. This is a good case of what happens when there are no checks on busunessmen. All the stake-holders in the company that was used by the conmen lose, because once it is made known what has happened, the stock becomes worthless, and a successful up and coming company is destroyed by such a stock scam. Personally, I believe that steps should be taken to tighten up the regulations in such mergers, so that these sorts of stock frauds can be stopped. Changing the minimal disclosure reguirements, and corking the SEC loopholes would be the best steps to take to correct this problem.

Make communicating numbers as simple as 1, 2, 3 - Emphasis

Make communicating numbers as simple as 1, 2, 3 Make communicating numbers as simple as 1, 2, 3 Being able to write about numbers well is a core skill. But it can become needlessly fraught – mainly because those who find maths straightforward often don’t understand why it’s difficult for others to grasp. Luckily, there are three principles that can take the pain out of the process: simplify, signpost and be specific. 1. Simplify When you’re translating a complex set of figures – for instance, a company’s financial results – into a written summary, it’s all too easy to get distracted by the sheer volume of information. This means you end up cramming in as much detail as possible, which can weaken your main message and confuse your reader, even if the audience is largely technical. Unless you’re confident that your piece will be read by someone who will be taking their time and making notes, it’s better to avoid dealing with more than two sets of numbers in any one sentence. Also, try not to have several sentences in succession that introduce new figures. Break them up with analysis and observations. Under this approach, the following sentence is fine: ‘Sales increased 10 per cent to  £2.7bn, while profits rose five per cent to  £10m.’ Despite containing four figures, it introduces only two concepts (what happened to sales, and what happened to profits). However, try to include a year-on-year comparison in the same sentence, and it becomes much less readable. ‘Sales increased 10 per cent to  £2.7bn in 2012, a slight improvement on 2011’s figure of eight per cent, while profits for 2012 rose five per cent to  £10m, up from four per cent in 2011.’ If you’re preparing a script or notes for TV or radio, try to reduce this still further to just one topic per sentence. To see how much more difficult it is to follow figures presented verbally, ask someone to read you the press release of any financial results – then see how much of what you heard you recall. Pick the numbers that really matter, and focus on getting those across. 2. Signpost Often, the same piece of writing will have to work for multiple audiences with very different technical abilities. A half-year update will be read for detailed information by analysts and investors, but perhaps also skimmed by potential clients and journalists looking for an overview of the company. For the former, the detail is vital, and if you remove it they will find the information insufficient – but leaving it in may confuse the latter. This is where signposting helps. Compare the following two statements: ‘Underlying net revenues, the best metric for sales, increased 9.7 per cent year-on-year to  £2.72bn, while profits before tax made strong progress, increasing 5.0 per cent to  £9.9m.’ ‘Sales and profits both grew strongly on the company’s key metrics. Underlying net revenues increased 9.7 per cent year-on-year to  £2.72bn, and profit before tax grew 5.0 per cent to  £9.9m.’ The second example is a little longer, but it primes readers on what to expect from the rest of the paragraph. It also serves as an explanation of the particular measures of revenue and profit being used. Signposts should be short and simple, and group related information. If they seem overly complex, you’re probably trying to load too much into one paragraph. 3.  Specify How specific your writing needs to be varies depending on your audience and the information you’re conveying. For a general audience, simple, round figures are always best. Avoid decimal points where possible, and minimise figures. Consider using descriptions such as ‘one in five’ rather than 20 per cent’, if it helps make the meaning clearer. More financially or technically literate audiences tend to prefer (or even demand) more specificity. In reality, the inputs on forecasting models are often rounded up or down, and the outcomes are therefore uncertain. For example, a forecasting model generated in Excel might come out with a brilliantly specific-looking sales projection: next year, the spreadsheet says, Company A will sell 67,971.2 tricycles.   But this figure appears more precise than it really is. Try to reflect this: if the margins of error on an estimate are known, make that clear.   This needn’t be complex. For example, if the margin was roughly +/-500, you could write the estimate as: ‘Projections for the next year suggest Company A will sell around 68,000 tricycles.’ Again, keep your audience in mind: analysts and specialists may well expect to see explicit references to margins of error. Take similar care when writing about risk and uncertainty. If you write ‘the chance of catastrophic failure has increased threefold, year-on-year,’ you may well terrify a reasonable portion of your readership. If the risk of catastrophic failure has increased from 0.01 per cent to 0.03 per cent, that panic probably wasn’t your intention. Make sure you’re confident of the difference between absolute and relative risk. Absolute risk describes how probable it is that something will occur. Relative risk is a comparison between different risk levels. In most cases, it will be appropriate to use the former. Most importantly of all, keep reminding yourself who it is youre writing for, what they need to know and the level of their technical expertise. Keeping your reader at the front of your mind will help you remember to speak in language that they will understand and find compelling. Want more help with writing about numbers? We run courses on report writing and technical writing. To find out more, call us on +44 (0)1273 732 888 or email help@writing-skills.com.

Describe the elements of the communication process and explain the Term Paper

Describe the elements of the communication process and explain the process of interpersonal communication. Discuss the Barriers - Term Paper Example As a sender, he can talk directly to the employees, or send an email requesting to have a meeting with them on a particular date. In this case, the perception of the receiver on the message sent influences the manner in which communication is interpreted, received and responded to. For that reason, the sender should be fully aware of the purpose of the communication and the receiver’s aptitude to decode and comprehend the message as far as interest and language is concerned (Hesse par 2). The Message Messages take various forms and can include signs, symbols or words. To avoid distortion, the sender must ensure that the message is simple and clear. Moreover, the receiver should take care of the body language such as facial expression if the message is to be communicated verbally. Finally, the sender must consider the abilities and the competence of the receiver, when creating a message, to reduce barriers that might hinder effective communication (Priya 5-6). For example, a ma nager who needs information from an employee on how to increase profits and heighten employee retention must ensure that he or she communicates in a language that the worker understands. Additionally, he must make sure that the employee is competent enough in that area; hence, the ideas given are credible enough to be taken into consideration. The Channel Priya (5) assert that the channels of communication play an imperative role in communication; hence, senders should select an appropriate channel or medium of communication to ensure that the message is not distorted. Examples of channels of communication are e-mail, phones, radio, television and internet among others. If an advertiser decides to place an advert in the radio or television, for instance, he should consider the audience or the people who will listen or see the advert. In that case, he must ensure that the intended people get to listen to the advert, and that the right language is used to avoid misinterpretation. It i s essential for businesses to choose when and how they will send their messages. A building society can, for example, only send messages about a new product to their members by email or text if that is the agreed channel of communication. It should be understood that sending of messages through the internet to persons who cannot receive an email results to miscommunication. Receiver The receiver or the decoder is the person who is responsible for decoding or extracting the meaning from the message conveyed. He or she ensures that a feedback is sent to the sender, and his work is mainly to interpret the message. In that case, for the message to be effectively understood and right feedback given, the receiver should be able to read and understand what has been written down. If not, this may lead to distortion of the message by the decoder, and an equally wrong feedback (Priya 5-6). Feedback Feedback is the most vital element in the communication process as it helps in determining whet her the receiver grasped the intended meaning. Without a feedback, the communication process remains incomplete. For instance, when one sends a short message through the phone to a friend and fails to get a feedback, it is likely that the intended recipient did not get the message, or did not understand it. In that case, the language used is imperative and both parties should communicate in a

Option 1 Amadeus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Option 1 Amadeus - Essay Example In his confession, Salieri describes how his professional jealousy led him to force Mozart to write his own requiem mass, which Salieri intended to steal from him and present to the world as own musical work (Amadeus, 1984/2002). Salieri also describes how the fateful turn of events lead Mozart to die, his requiem mass unfinished, along with the murderous plot of Salieri for Mozart also imcomplete (Amadeus, 1984/2002). This writer chose this film for analysis, because the music of this film is inextricably connected with the central plot and its unfolding. This kind of a film on a musical genius could not have been possibly made without incorporating his musical works into the film. Every crucial dramatic moment in the film is linked to what these two musicians were doing in the field of music. Hence this film is a rare instance where the plot and music tracks merge inseparably into each other. It is music that generates the theme of this film, leads it to its climax and gives it a sense of purpose. The film opens with the Symphony no.25 in G Minor, K.183 composed by Mozart, as the opening credits are displayed. The calling of the name, ‘Mozart’, in the opening sequence has a timing that fits rhythmically into the accompanying musical bit (Amadeus, 1984/2002). The composer, Salieri is seen trying to commit suicide and being taken to the hospital when the symphony plays on, but not continuously- there are dramatic breaks that let the dramatic events to unfold. And after this symphony stops, there is the noises of the crowd, which reminds one of the cheering crowds inside a musical theatre after a concert. But then the visuals show that it was the noises inside a mental asylum. Here, it can be seen that the music suggests what is going to happen, prepares for the forthcoming shock, mourns the tragic events, but yet withdraws at the crucial moment as if it is lea st bothered. This

Traveling Through the Dark Essay Example for Free

Traveling Through the Dark Essay When reading a poem for the first time, it is fairly easy to view it on a literal level. Nonetheless, after analyzing the purpose, tone, word choice, and figures of speech and how they simultaneously work together, the reader is hit with a whole new perception of the poem. William Staffords Traveling through the Dark holds this characteristic. The poem is about a man driving on a narrow road at night and his internal conflict triggered by an encounter with a dead deer along the road. He immediately leaves his car and walks toward the deer with the intention of rolling it into the canyon. However, when he discovers that this deer has an unborn fawn, the man is struck with an instant conflict. Does he push the deer off into the canyon? Or does he leave it alone and save the fawn while endangering the lives of others that will travel this narrow road? Stafford uses a mans simple confrontation with a deer as an instrument for conveying a deeper message about nature. He comes across a dead deer, and without hesitation, plans to push it into the canyon. This clearly indicates that the speaker holds no emotions whatsoever for the deer. Then, a conversational tone is thrown into the mix. The narrator is sharing and guiding the readers through his experience. He gives advice in line four, It is usually best to roll them into the canyon. This supports his informal attitude and establishes a relationship with the reader in hopes of allowing the reader to feel the way he does. Several symbolic elements emphasize the theme of Traveling through the Dark, all within the last three stanzas of the poem. The first symbol, an unborn fawn. The fawn represents the future of nature in the changing world. Although the mother, or nature in present time, has been killed the fawn still waits alive, still, never to be born (11). The fawn waits in hope that it will live to breathe air, in the hope that the speaker will save it. However, technology is also competing for the speaker’s attention. The first three lines of the fourth stanza make the idling car into a mechanized beast that kills nature. Some details about this mechanized beast are on lines thirteen to fifteen where the car aimed ahead (13) its lights, purred (14) its steady, idling engine, and emitting warm exhaust turning red (15). The third and final symbol is revealed only in the last stanza. On line seventeen, I thought hard for us all exhibits the fact that the speaker is representative of all mankind. The speaker represents mankind coming around the curve in the dark. He symbolizes mankind being caught in the struggle between nature and technology. Nature in the form of a dead doe is portrayed as an object worthy of pity while the mechanical beast is a ruthless image. Among the various descriptions relating to the dead doe, the most conspicuous is of her being large in the belly (8). The heap, a doe (6) describes the speaker’s first impression of the recent killing. Aside from those two images, the other description of the doe correlates to the sense of touch; the speaker notices that that the doe’s side was warm (10) after brushing finger against her fur. Stafford describes the car with regards to three of the body’s five senses. The car is described as having its lights lowered (13) or dimmed, casting the scene in shadows. The steady purring emitted from the engine appeals to the speaker’s sense of hearing. Warm exhaust (16) caresses the speaker, stimulating the speaker’s sense of touch.

Effects of Organizational Culture on Police Decision Making Essay

This essay discusses the effects of the police organizational culture on a Police officer’s ability to make independent decisions. Every culture is composed of four elements: â€Å"values, norms, beliefs, and expressive symbols† (Peterson, 1979, p. 137). Each police officer is influenced by the police organizational culture during training. After graduation fro the police academy, the officer is influenced by the more experienced officers of the department. Research conducted by several authors has found that peer influence never ceases even after years of experience in the field. Throughout life, people change their point of views by the impact of the people they encounter and the structure of society. Although people initially joining the organization have the ability to use common sense and encompass a variety of values, cultural and religious beliefs, this soon changes after joining. Throughout history, unorthodox behavior has become an acceptable norm within society due to peer pressure, fear, and longing to become part of the police culture. Adolf Hitler became a famous man who ruled Germany by fear, which led to be one of the world’s prevalent tragedies (Wistricht, 1995). The police societies retain both negative and positive qualities in their social norms, principles and attitude. â€Å"In the field of police, the standard of the performance are based on occupational culture† (Manning, 1978). The negative characteristics of police cultures assumed by Jermier et al. (1991) are â€Å"militaristic, uniformed dress, rigid rank hierarchy of authority, unbending rules and authoritative command system,† (p. 173). The police culture teaches false, misleading ideas and norms to alter officer’s judgment, thoughts, associati... ... Frost, R. (1999). Mountain Interval. New York: Henry Holt and Company. Retrieved from http://www.bartleby.com/119/1.html Jermier, J. M., John, W. S., Fry, J. L., & Gaines, J. (1991, May 1991). Organizational Subcultures in a Soft Bureaucracy: Resistance Behind the Myth and Facade of an Official Culture. Organization Science, 2(2), 170-191. Manning, P. K. (1978). The police: Mandate strategies and appearances. (In P.K. Maning & J.V. Maanen ed.). Santa Monica, CA: Goodyear. Peterson, R. A. (1979). Revitalizing the Culture Concept. Annual Review of Sociology, 137-166. Sever, M. (2008, Feb ). Effects of Organizational Culture on Police Decision Making. Telemasp Bulletin, 15(1), p. 12. Retrieved from http://www.lemitonline.org/publications/telemasp/Pdf/volume%2015/vol15no1.pdf Wistricht, R. (1995). Who's Who In Nazi Germany (2 ed.). Routledge: Routledge.

Economic Analyses – Netherlands

Netherlands National Economy: 2008-2012 Compulsory Assignment April 24 2012 Spur: MM 2nd Sem. Subject: Descriptive Economics Table of contents _ Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 GDP†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Unemployment Rate†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦ 6 Inflation Rate†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 Introduction _ This report is written for the purpose of the completion of a compulsory assignment that was allotted to the second semester students of the Marketing and Management spur. The theory and data that is described herein is related to the subject of descriptive of economics which is a branch of macroeconomic studies.The specifics of the assignment are, according to my understanding, to find a national economy of our choice; analyze the nation’s recent economic growth rate known as GDP (Gross Domestic Product); analyze the inflation rate; analyze the unemployment rate; presen t visual data to support the written information; explain in advance what GDP, inflation and unemployment is from the definitive perspective. The national economy that I have chosen to analyze is that of the Netherlands. The reason that I have specifically chosen this economy is twofold.Firstly, the Dutch economy it is one of many economies within the European Union that is having difficulties recovering from the global financial crisis of 2008/9 and the current crisis that is further evolving in the European Union, more specific insight to this developing may prove beneficial in the post-graduation period when exploring possible job opportunities. Secondly, the NGO Spark that is channeling capital into International Business College Mitrovica is located in Amsterdam, Netherlands; therefore it is interesting to know what economic environment the organization is surrounded by. Dutch EconomyThe Netherlands have a long history of trading with other countries in the world and have throu ghout time become very dependent on trade. The Dutch economy is based on a free market economy system with the government’s main purpose being to set regulations and taxations in the economy. Furthermore, the Netherlands are part of the European Union and have closely bound their economy to the EU by joining the European Monetary Union, that is to say the euro. The Dutch are advocators of free international trade and the reduction and removal of tariffs since it is obvious that they would benefit from more free trade.Past expansions of the Dutch economy were mainly due to an emphasis being put on increasing foreign trade, consumer spending and investment. When compare to other economies the Netherlands rank as the fifth largest economy in Europe with relatively stable industrial relations. When it comes to industrial activities, Netherlands are primarily occupied with food processing. The country is highly technologically advanced when it comes to agricultural development and uses a relatively small labor force to regulate agricultural cultivation. Currently it holds an estimated population of 17 million people.Average unemployment rate in the country is 4. 77 percent; average inflation rate is 2. 08 percent; average GDP growth rate is 0. 61 percent per quarter. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) GDP is the sum in market value of all goods and services (products) that a country has produced in a given span of time, i. e. a year or a quarter of a year multiplied by four. It is a statistical measurement expressed in monetary value. In order to get a comprehensive value of goods and services the prices of those products are added together to get the GDP value.This is only relative to final products and not intermediates such as components that are used to produce the final good or service with the exception of those products that are produced and then stored in inventory; those have momentary or short GDP value. The term â€Å"all goods and services† appl ies only to the country’s output that is legitimate and legal excluding all products derived from illegal activity and those products that are produced and consumed in a household, i. e. homegrown vegetables used only for personal consumption.Other products that are not included into the GDP are those that are not newly produced and sold, this applies to used goods such as cars or machinery. GDP is not concerned with nationality, e. g. if an individual of American nationality opens a company in the Netherlands producing a particular product and sells it in the Netherlands, that is also counted into Netherlands GDP. There is a clear line between GDP and a GDP growth rate. The GDP growth rate is expressed as a percentage and it uses the Real GDP (GDP or Nominal GDP minus inflation or increases in price).It shows by what rate (percentage) the economy as a whole has expanded or contracted from one period to another period (Mankiw 2008). GDP Netherlands: January 2008 – Janu ary 2012 When analyzing the Dutch economy at the peak of the global financial crisis (2009) it is apparent that the Netherlands were affected very deeply (illustrated in the graph above and on the next page). The economy was in a heavy recessive state meaning that the national economy was experiencing a contraction in economic growth or simply put, the national economy was shrinking.The recession or negative growth started in 2008 for the Netherlands dropping from a positive economic growth rate of 0. 5 percent in the first quarter to -0. 4 percent in the second quarter of the year. This recession was by far the worse that the Dutch economy has ever experienced reaching a record low of -2. 2 percent at the end of the first quarter in 2009. The recession was in effect up to mid-2009 with the economy starting to experience positive growth again in the third quarter (0. 8 percent) of the same year.From that point Netherlands GDP was subject to fluctuation in growth rate, however stayin g well on the positive side of growth all the way up to mid-2011 where the economy experienced another plunge and fell to -0. 4 and -0. 6 percent in the third and fourth quarter of the year. The reasons for the recession in 2008 and 2009 are not of an ambiguous nature. The world as a whole had entered a recession primarily driven by the financial disaster created by the banks in the United States. People all over the world had stopped spending money which led to companies reducing trade and production.These developments had a negative impact on the Dutch economy which receives a large portion of its GDP from trading with other national economies. In addition to the negative turn in trade during the recession the Netherlands also experienced a reduction in traffic in its harbors which serve as a center for European transport and contraction to internal spending form companies and households. When examining the more recent recession beginning in 2011 a number of factors were uncovered in relation to the cause of contraction in economic growth.Again the external environment has had a tremendous effect on the Dutch economy this time sparked by the financial crisis that has been unfolding in the European Union. Starting with ongoing financial and economic breakdown of Greece and more recently Spain and Ireland, the Netherlands have been greatly affected by those countries inability to pay off their debts. This has led to a reduction in trade again for the Dutch primarily because the risk that is now associated with the European Union and its lack in competency in regulating the financial crisis.Further on, internal demand and expenditure has again decreased from households and companies. As to why households have stop spending money there is no single answer. One reason can be the rise of unemployment which will be discussed later. Another reason may be people’s uncertainty as to the future value of their currency because of the financial crisis making them unwilling to spend and more eager to save thus withdrawing their money from the circular flow of the economy.In regards to why companies have stopped spending in the Netherlands it can be explained by emphasizing the interconnectedness between households and companies in a nation’s economy. Figure 1 illustrates the relationship between households and companies. If there is austerity in spending form households there is a negative effect on the companies’ willingness to produce goods and services, thus aggregate supply is reduced which also reduces the companies’ expenditure on factors for production.Lastly, the Dutch government has also cut back its spending from 2011 and made adjustments to the national budget which means that there was reduction of injections into the economy. Overall it can be deducted that the four primary factors which drive the GDP growth rate (investment, government expenditure, consumption, exports) have taken a beating due to the ongoin g financial crisis and the physiological effect that it had on Dutch citizens causing the negative impact on the circular flow between households and firms in the national economy (Kaidusch, P. & Ott, C. 2012).Unemployment Rate When speaking about the unemployment rate of a nation it is important to understand how such a rate is derived. There are two essential components needed to calculate the unemployment rate, the first being the number of people that comprise the labor force. Labor force is the number of those people in the country that are employed, either in someone else’s business or their own business, plus the number of those people that are unemployed excluding fulltime students, retirees, homemakers and those incapable of working due to disability or health issues.The labor force is divided by the number of those unemployed and then converted into percentage equaling the unemployment rate (Mankiw 2008). Netherlands Unemployment Rate: January 2008 – January 2012 When looking above at unemployment chart for the Netherlands covering the same period as the GDP it appears that following the start of the recession in 2008 the unemployment rate went upwards (negative increase) starting to slowly rise in the second half of 2008 and shooting up from 3. 6 percent in January 2009 up to 4. in the first quarter of the same year. If we refer back to the GDP chart we can see that exactly at this point of time the Dutch economy experienced its first serious plunge in the GDP rate going from 0 percent down to 1. 1 percent. When further following the trend of the unemployment rate it is relatively easy to spot that it is closely related to the GDP rate in 2009. Basically, with the contraction in the GDP it is the natural order of things that unemployment rises since as explained before companies are spending less for factors of production, i. . less workers are needed. However, if we compare the general unemployment rates for the entire euro area (see chart on the next page) we can see that the Netherlands are actually a lot better off than a large portion of the other European countries that share the same currency with general unemployment rate being above 7. 2 percent since 2008 and reaching 10. 4 percent at the end of 2011. Through this we can deduct that the rises in the unemployment rate in the Dutch economy have been of slighter significance if compared on a larger scale.The question maybe posted as to why the Netherlands employment rate suffered much less than other euro area countries. There are a number of answers but only a few deemed essential will be stated in this report. First, when the financial crisis reached the Dutch economy in 2008 a lot of companies collected and kept their workforce fearing a future shortage; however this was only possible at the price of productivity due to the law of diminishing returns on factors of production. This means that the companies were overstaffed leading to a lot of workers bei ng less productive yet still employed.Second, government expenditure was relatively large with high employment in the public sector up to 2011, when the Dutch austerity measure came into effect. Third, in 2009 the government took certain measures to extenuate the damage of the financial crisis on the unemployment rate by introducing relief programs and subsidies. Lastly, what contributed to the unemployment rate stabilizing sooner than expected in the first recession is that there was and still is a rising number of self-employed individuals in professional services, arts, and creative industries.These people adjusted their prices to the fall in demand easier than large scale businesses and managed to stay in business proving how important SME (Small-medium enterprises) are to the economy. However, now it can be observed that the unemployment rate is rising again due to a new recession that started in 2011. Companies in the Netherlands are adjusting their workforce to the demand in the economy leading to higher unemployment supporting the economic theory all factors of production are variable in the long-run.Government expenditure has decreased cutting jobs in the public sector also causing higher unemployment. It would appear that exactly those things that have contributed to the Dutch economy staying under the general euro area unemployment rate have been cut and reduced in the pursuit of creating a more efficient and effective economy (Janssen 2011). Inflation Rate _ Inflation in macroeconomic terms is the general rise in price of good and services in a given economy and is closely related to the value of money.Inflation occurs when there is an access of money being pumped into the economy usually causing a rise in demand and subsequently a rise in price. The inflation rate in a country is the percentage of monetary value by which prices have risen in general. It is measured from one year to the next. Inflation causes the purchasing power of money to decrea se meaning that that consumers can purchase less goods and services with the same particular sum of money then before inflation has happened, in simple terms inflation causes money to lose it value (Mankiw 2008).The main reason as to why inflation is negative for the economy is because it can have the effect of frightening people from spending money and herd their saving in banks and even worse out of banks causing a complete withdraw of their capital from the economy. Netherlands Inflation Rates: January 2008 – January 2012 When examining the inflation chart for the Netherlands for the period between 2008 to the start of 2012 it can be observed that the inflation rate decreased just about when the global recession hit the Dutch economy.Throughout the recessive period the inflation rate continued to decrease with very little fluctuation up to the point in 2009 when the economy was recovering from the recession. From that point there was a steady rise again in the inflation ra te until the new recession took place in mid-2011 with a declining trend passing over into 2012. Reasons as to why the Netherlands were experiencing a decrease in the inflation rate can be explained as follows. A very base explanation is that there was less money circulating in the Dutch economy which brought about the increase of value in the available oney supply, however there is more to the story. Since the Netherlands are part of the European Union it is not the responsibility of the Dutch Central Bank to regulate policies regarding inflation but that of The European Central Bank. Following the global meltdown of the financial system on a global scale in 2008, the European Central Bank under the presidency of Jean-Claude Trichet did not follow the action of the Federal Reserve in the United States and the Bank of England in the UK by cutting its interest rates which have a definitive impact on inflation.What happens is that when interest rates are cut people tend to borrow more money which results in more money circulating in the economy. â€Å"Inflation is an autonomous occurrence that is impacted by money supply in an economy. Central governments use the interest rate to control money supply and, consequently, the inflation rate. When interest rates are high, it becomes more expensive to borrow money and savings become attractive. When interest rates are low, banks are able to lend more, resulting in an increased supply of money. –Economy Watch 2010 This is a viable explanation as to why Inflation rates started to decrease during the recession in the Netherlands who followed a very similar inflation rate trend as all the countries in the euro area during that period, as illustrated in the chart below. As the Dutch government took measures to reduce the damage to the unemployment rate by giving subsidies and relief programs the money supply in the economy started going up again, people started spending more and the inflation rate began to steadil y rise again as shown on the chart for the Netherlands inflation rate, see previous page.By following this logic it is easy to deduce why inflation rates are now rising again, due to the austerity program that the government brought into effect in 2011 cuts have been made to the spending budget once omre reducing the money supply in the economy. The Relation between Unemployment and Inflation Up to this point in the report we have observed that there is a connection between GDP and the unemployment rate. When GDP is down overall productivity and demand is down in the economy which causes less demand for work force that is a direct factor of production.Thus we could follow what was happening in the Dutch economy when the recession (negative GDP for two quarters of a year) took effect and why unemployment did rise. Further on, the relation between unemployment and inflation will be examined. In the long-run it can be observed that unemployment and inflation are not connected since the y have different determents in the long-run. For the unemployment rate some long-run determinants are minimum wage laws, power of labor unions, and how effective job searching is. The main factor that determines the inflation rate in the long-run is the growth in the money supply (Mankiw 2008).However, in the short-run the two are relevant to each other and to policy makers in the government. In the short-run there is an economic trade-off between inflation and unemployment putting governments in difficult positions. Do they pump subsidies and other monetary aid into the economy and through this increase the aggregate demand in the economy subsequently increasing inflation and decreasing the unemployment rate, or, do they make cuts in spending contracting aggregate demand and thus contribute to the increase to the unemployment rate yet keeping the inflation rate down.The best way to illustrate this trade of is through the Philips curve shown below. A lot could be said on the topic o f the Philips curve and its application in macroeconomic theory on the relationship between unemployment and inflation and for this it is recommended that the works of George Akerlof and the research done by Samuelson and Solow should be further referred to. Getting back to the Netherlands it is obvious that Dutch policy makers were faced with exactly this dilemma even more so during the recession of 2008 and 2009.As the government subsidized and lend aid in the economy the unemployment rate seemed to stay at a reasonable unemployment level further aided by the European Central Bank’s inaction in decreasing the interest rates as mentioned earlier in the report. However, as the government starting making cuts and companies readjusted their work force inflation rates contracted unemployment rates rose for the year of 2011.Conclusion When it comes to the GDP growth of the Netherlands it can be concluded that it’s going to take some extensive time for the economy to recove r from the damage done by the financial crisis. Of course there is much more that could have been said on the topic of GDP however those issues will be left as the topic of another report of a deeper analytical nature.As to the unemployment rates in the Netherlands even though they have been relatively low in comparison to other countries they are on the rise and forecasts by the Dutch treasury agency have been negative describing that the Dutch government has a hefty challenge ahead of itself in the next couple of years stabilizing the lasting effects of the recession, past and present. In regards to the inflation rates they are currently on the decline and may very well stay that way for the upcoming year since another shallow recession is forecasted for the first two quarters of 2012.In the course of this report it was made evident to me as to how interrelated GDP, unemployment, and inflation are in reality. Furthermore, now there is a clear understanding of what kind of difficul t issues policymakers are faced with in the process of regulating this phenomenon called economy. Bibliography 1. Business Dictionary. com (2012), Law of diminishing returns, available at: http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/law-of-diminishing-returns. html (accessed on April 29, 2012) 2.Countries of the World (2012), Netherlands Economy 2012, available at: http://www. theodora. com/wfbcurrent/netherlands/netherlands_economy. html (accessed on April 28, 2012) 3. Dutch State Treasury (2011) Ministry of finance: Outlook, available at: http://www. dsta. nl/dsresource? objectid=7528&type=org (accessed on April 29, 2012) 4. Economy watch (2010) Inflation And Interest Rate, available at: http://www. economywatch. com/inflation/economy/interest-rates. html (accessed on April 29, 2012) 5.Encyclopedia of Nations (2012), The Netherlands – Overview of economy, available at: http://www. nationsencyclopedia. com/economies/Europe/The-Netherlands-OVERVIEW-OF-ECONOMY. html (access ed on April 28, 2012) 6. Kaidusch, P. & Ott, C. (2012), Recession in the Netherlands: is the core turning to periphery? , available at: http://cib. natixis. com/flushdoc. aspx? id=62676 (accessed on April 28, 2012) 7. Mankiw, G. (2008), Principles of Macroeconomics, 6th edition, Ohio: SW Cengage Learning 8. Mike Moffatt

Literary Translation as a Creative Act Essay

Literary translation implies the translation of all genres of literature, which include prose, drama and poetry. Literature is described as ‘an apparently nebulous body of knowledge in oral or written form, an imitation of life, which reflects civilization and culture, and which covers every angle of human activities-culture, tradition, entertainment, information among others. ‘ It is one of the great creative and universal means of communicating the emotional, spiritual and intellectual concerns of humankind. Literary translation has to do with translating texts written in a literary language, which abounds in ambiguities, homonyms and arbitrariness, as distinct from the language of science or that of administration. Literary language is highly connotative and subjective because each literary author is lexically and stylistically idiosyncratic and through his power of imagination, he uses certain literary techniques such as figures of speech, proverbs and homonyms through which he weaves literary forms. The literary translator is therefore the person who concerns himself with translation of literary texts. A literary translator generally respects good writing by taking into account the language, structures, and content, whatever the nature of the text. The literary translator participates in the author’s creative activity and then recreates structures and signs by adapting the target language text to the source language text as closely as intelligibility allows. He needs to assess not only the literary quality of the text but also its acceptability to the target reader, and this should be done by having a deep knowledge of the cultural and literary history of both the Source and the Target Languages. Language and culture are closely related and one is indispensable to the other. In fact, language acquires its meaning from the country’s culture. A single language may cross several culture borders. There are generally problems in the translation of cultural words in a literary text unless there is a cultural overlap between the source language and the target language. It is not enough for a translator to know what words are used in the target language; he must also make the reader understand the sense as it is understood by the reader of the original. For instance, in a text where there is a cultural focus, there can be translation problems due to the cultural gap between the source and the target languages. The meaning of a single word or expression is largely derived from its culture. Therefore, translation, being a simple linguistic process, a cultural understanding comes into play because the translator is supposed to produce equivalence and where this does not exist, problems occur. The translator is expected to creatively exploit the altered cultural, linguistic and literary context in order to realize the different potentials of the target language in an act or literary creation since translation is an intercultural activity. Linguistically, each language has its own metaphysics, which determines the spirit of a nation and its behavioral norms, and this is what is known as linguistic relativity. Language directs our intellect and even our sensory perception. Since words or images may vary considerably from one group to another, the translator needs to pay attention to the style, language and vocabulary peculiar to the two languages in question in order to produce an ‘exact’ translation of the source language text. Thus while translating something from a language to other, the sense and the behavior of the sentence gets changed obscurely. So as to carry the that sense and the behavior of the sentence the original author meant, the translator himself need to be creative, with a good knowledge of both languages, the one translating to and from.

Medical Office Procedures Essays

Medical Office Procedures Essays Medical Office Procedures Paper Medical Office Procedures Paper Outsource Management Group provides numerous services to physicians and other medical professionals including: Medical Billing, Medical Coding, Electronic Claims Submission, Medical Billing Consulting, Medical Coding Audits, Staff Provider Training, Physician Credentialing, HIPAA Consulting, Complete Follow-up Functions, Patient Invoicing and Medical Coding Consulting. With extensive editing and audits being performed on electronic claims prior to their transmission to carriers, the percentage of suspension/rejections is low. OMG realizes the importance of working the aging report. Insurance companies are contacted as early as two weeks after submission to ensure quick reimbursement to the physicians. Do you realize that approximately one fourth of all medical practice income is lost due to Under Pricing, Under Coding, Missed Charges or Un-reimbursed Claims? Thats right; hundreds of millions of dollars is lost annually due to medical billing errors. Is your practice among those offices that are only receiving 70% of the available medical billing revenue due to them? Outsource Management Group can remove these obstacles and show you how to reverse this trend. OMG can re-gain the revenue and subsequent profits your practice is entitled to utilizing electronic claims and personalized reimbursement strategies.

The History of Scissors

The History of Scissors Leonardo da  Vinci has often been credited with inventing scissors, but they predate his lifetime by many centuries. Nowadays, it’s hard to find a household these days that doesn’t have at least one pair. Ancient Scissors The ancient Egyptians used a version of scissors as long ago as 1500 B.C. They were a single piece of metal, typically bronze, fashioned into two blades that were controlled by a metal strip. The strip kept the blades apart until they were squeezed. Each blade was a scissor. Collectively, the blades were scissors, or so rumor has it. Through trade and adventure, the device eventually spread beyond Egypt to other parts of the world. The Romans adapted the Egyptians  design in 100 A.D., creating pivoted or cross-blade scissors that were more in line with what we have today. The Romans also used bronze, but they sometimes made their scissors from iron as well. Roman scissors had two blades that slid past each other. The pivot was situated between the tip and the handles to create a cutting effect between the two blades when they were applied to various properties.  Both Egyptian and Roman versions of scissors had to be sharpened regularly. Scissors Enter the 18th Century Although the actual inventor of scissors is hard to identify, Robert Hinchliffe, of Sheffield, England, should be rightfully acknowledged as the father of modern scissors. He was the first to use steel to manufacture and mass-produce them in 1761 more than 200 years after da  Vinci’s death. Pinking shears  were first invented and patented in 1893 by Louise Austin of Whatcom of Washington to facilitate pinking and scalloping and as a marked improvement over ordinary pinking irons and tools.† Here are some mentions of scissors in print publications over the years, as well as a bit of folklore. From Emar, Capital of Astata, in the 14th  Century BCE By Jean-Claude Margueron Besides ceramics, occasionally collected in large quantities, the houses produced stone and metallic objects illustrating both day-to-day needs and the activities of city merchants: beer filters,  containers, arrow and javelin heads, scales of armor, needles and  scissors,  long nails,  bronze scrapers, millstones, mortars, many kinds of grindstones, pestles, various tools and stone rings. From  The Story of Scissors  by J. Wiss Sons, 1948 Egyptian bronze shears of the Third Century B.C., a unique object of art.  Showing Greek influence although with decoration characteristic of Nile culture, the shears are illustrative of the high degree of craftsmanship which developed in the period following Alexanders conquest of Egypt.  Decorative male and female figures, which complement each other on each blade, are formed by solid pieces of metal of a different color inlaid in the bronze shears.Sir Flinders Petrie ascribes the development of cross-bladed shears to the First Century. In the Fifth Century, the scribe Isidore of Seville  describes cross-bladed shears or scissors with a center pivot as tools of the barber and tailor. Folklore and Superstition More than one expectant mother has placed a pair of scissors beneath her pillow at night somewhere toward the end of her ninth month of pregnancy. Superstition says that this will â€Å"cut the cord† with her baby and prompt labor. And heres another tall tale: Don’t hand those scissors to your best friend. Place them on any available surface and let your friend pick them up. Otherwise, you risk severing your relationship. Some say that those scissors languishing in your catch-it-all drawer can help keep evil spirits out of your home. Hang them by one handle near your door so they form a version of a cross.

Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Lab Report Example Invention of polymerase chain reaction and thermo stable DNA polymerase has revolutionized this concept. Many techniques like Variable tandem repeat (VNTRs) and Short Tandem Repeat(STRs) based Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism(AFLP) or DNA fingerprinting, Gender ID (Amelogenin), Mitochondrial D-Loop DNA for Maternal identification etc. have been developed for forensic investigations. PM&DQA1 is the first PCR based typing system, developed by the scientist at Cetus Corporation and commercialized by Applied Biosystems. Inc. PM& DQA1 is simple and rapid technique mainly employed in case of limited DNA sample or in case of highly degraded DNA. The test is performed on 6 different loci to investigate pleomorphism using hybridization based Reverse DOT-BLOT methodology. The major limitation of this technique is its differentiating power due to limited diversity found among 6 loci among different human population. Crime investigation obtained new direction after invention of DNA based techniques for identification of criminals. The biggest advantage of DNA based techniques is the requirement of very small amount of biological samples which includes blood, hair, semen etc. Invention of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and thermo stable DNA polymerase has revolutionized these DNA based techniques due to its immense power of DNA multiplication. There are many DNA based techniques that are employed for detection of crime and criminals including Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), Variable tandem repeat (VNTRs) and Short Tandem Repeat(STRs) based Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism(AFLP) or DNA fingerprinting, Gender ID (Amelogenin), Mitochondrial D-Loop DNA for Matrilineal identification. Criminal identification based on human body parts or component has been used since last century as part of forensic investigations. The classical example being Human finger prints which was recogn ized by British physician Sir Francis Galton (1). In the beginning of 20th century many physiologists and doctors realized that blood cell has distinct antigens and they are different from individual to individuals. Initially blood cell antigens were taken into consideration only in case of blood transfusion and surgery but later on its forensic utilities were realized and it was employed to solve problem of paternity dispute, child mix-up etc. Those days blood samples saliva and semen samples were produced in court as evidence against criminals but it was not taken as conclusive evidence due to its limited distinguished power. In 1970, the things started to change after discovery of DNA structure and the increases in the understanding of its variability between individual to individual. Once DNA was established as target molecule for forensic investigation, many researchers came forward with different methodology and different locus having higher variability like micro and mini sat ellites. Initially there were many questions that were raised over methodologies and interpretation of DNA based identification systems. But thorough investigation and population genetics based

LEADERSHIP MAN MANGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

LEADERSHIP MAN MANGEMENT - Essay Example Quality is one of the most valuable assets that any organization can have. Good quality is achieved when all departments are focused on a similar goal and at the same time not affecting the flow of the current system. To achieve this change, a procedural way is applied moderately to alter how nurses run their daily activities. Human resource managers must ensure that they recruit only those who meet the set requirements. They should also ensure that the staff is enough to handle the expected cases and that their working conditions are appropriate. Quality improvement will be achieved if nurses, departmental leaders and external organizations join in a forum to discuss and enlighten each other. For leadership to run smoothly then it means that all the departments will have to work tirelessly hand in hand so that the outcome can be of professional standards (Galvin, 2001). We carried out a project at Mt Ascutney Hospital and Health Center’s (MAHHC’s). The objectives were to enhance access and continuity of care, identify and manage patient population, ensure that there is self-care support, as well as to track, manage, care, measure and improve performance. Here, we had to set a network that could connect all beneficiaries of the health care. One of the networks that is still effective is the Windsor Area Community Partnership. The project taught us that any successful organization must have an effective communication network. Through this interaction, we realized that the quality of services offered had greatly improved and also become simplified. National Patient Safety Goals are set to ensure the safety of patients in hospitals. In order to avoid wrong-patient errors, hospitals ought to use two or more identifiers when referring to patients records and medication. This can be done while booking the patient into the hospital. For instance, patient identification records should be meticulous as there is no room for errors. At my firm, we

Ending the Employment Relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Ending the Employment Relationship - Essay Example iticizing organizations and more importantly this results in the increased turnover rate as employees get demoralized and they get some idea about the up coming in almost every organization they work, retirement is an honorable work, the worker respectfully gets retirement from work and it is also a good sign as if the retirement would not have taken place than the employment cycle would have been disturbed and there would be no new blood in old organization that would have appeared. "Currently Nepal Bank employs 6,600 people, more than one-third of all those working in the Nepalese financial sector. In 1990 the bank reduced its workforce by 800 people. This was achieved by a combination of voluntary redundancy and early retirement fostered by a generous incentive" (Budhwar, 98: 2001). In the present casIn the present case it is very clear that the main cause for redundancy and retirement is the willingness of the organization to get compressed so that all the operations can be handled easily, but can organization work more effectively this way Can organization retain the same value or can increase it The above mentioned are few questions that bring in relation both the employers and employees, these are few serious matters that we have to discuss, it is really unfair with the country to control it this way, on second thought it is also very difficult for the organization to adjust with out people who were previously working for the betterment of the organization. In the current world women are working more in the society than men, there are good reasons though for eliminating the women from the employment but yet it is unethical, there are being eliminated due to the facts such as they are unable to work with full concentration after marriage and at times they are retired prematurely, in order to get the work done by some new fresh graduate, which is having both positive points to be discussed and negative as well, positive in terms of giving youth a chance to prove itself and negative because of an unfair decision of firing someone if not directly than indirectly through retirement. Few causes of Redundancy Martin has defined redundancy in 2000 as "the work for which the employee was employed has ceased or diminished. Here the selection of a particular individual has to be shown to be fair". It shows that the entire process starts from the time the employee is recruited, though it is a long procedure and the organization tries to be as fair as they can in selecting employees, but there is no guarantee that the employee would keep the job, so from this view the redundancy threat starts taking place in the mind of the employee, only a strong bond with the organization can keep

Dont Mistake Legibility for Communication Analysis

Dont Mistake Legibility for Communication Analysis CRITICAL STUDY IN ART DESIGN DONT MISTAKE LEGIBILITY FOR COMMUNICATION David Carson | Discuss It is the art director, graphic designer and surfer David Carson (b. 1954) who stated during his 2013 TED Talk, Dont mistake legibility for communication. Since making this statement, designers have had to rethink what it means to communicate; especially when attempting to interact and engage with their target audience. However, is Carsons statement true? As it can be argued that legibility is the basis for something to not only be readable but also understood and therefore communicated. Conversely, if communication is the goal then the aim is more than just making something legible. Therefore, this discussion will explore and present arguments for and against the statement Carson made, define and explain the terms legibility and communication, and to document the social and historical context behind Carsons statement to establish whether it was valid or not. To begin, when something is being communicated it can be received by the audience visually, verbally, nonverbally or in its written form. The field of a Graphic Designer is visual communication as they attempt to incorporate, or least infer these elements through their designs. For that reason, visual communication or more specifically, production in print, will be the focus for this discussion as that is what Carsons statement pertains to. In regards to Carsons statement, the word legibility is mentioned. This word can be simply defined as how recognisable individual letterforms are (Tselentis, J et al. 2012 p. 324). In a segment of Carsons 2003 Design And Discovery TED Talk, he presents the following image with his statement: Carson then goes on to say the following about his image (Figure 2) and gives his opinion about the statement in regards to legibility and communication, where he states, I like this [image] for a couple of reasons. If youve had any design courses, they would teach you cant read this. I think you eventually can and, more importantly, I think its true. Dont mistake legibility for communication. Just because somethings legible doesnt mean it communicates. More importantly, it doesnt mean it communicates the right thing (Carson 2003). As Carson suggests (2003) the primary goal of the designer is to communicate a message. However (in his own words) more importantly, it is to communicate the right thing. The question to then be considered is to ask what communication is in the first place? John DiMarco (b. 1963) in his book Digital Design For Print and Web (2010) explains that communication is a process, in which, . requires a sender (the designer), a message (information or an effort to persuade), a medium (the delivery platform), and a receiver of that message (the audience). Here, it can be understood that during the communication process it is the designers job to send a message. DiMarco (2010) then states that, the goals of such messages are to inform, to persuade, to educate, or to entertain.ÂÂ   The designer having a communication goal in mind then uses the message and medium to reach their audience. Bearing this all in mind, we are then left to ask why is communicating the right thing so important to Carson? In the 2007 Helvetica documentary, Carson states, Dont confuse, legibility with communication. And just because somethings legible, doesnt mean it communicates, and more importantly doesnt mean it communicates the right thing. And vice versa. If something is a very important message, and its said in a boring, nondescript way, then the message can be lost (Carson 2007). The goal for Carson then seems to be that is must communicate the right thing otherwise known as effective communication. The message cannot be lost through the medium. Which would then leads to the message not being received by the anticipated audience. Nevertheless, what is effective communication and how does it differ from regular communication? The difference seems to lie in the way something is communicated. It can be argued, (as Carson seems to) therefore, that this is just as important, if not more important than the content of the message itself. This point is noted by Art Director and Graphic Designer Kaitlyn Wells (b. 1988) who suggests (2011) to communicate does not mean the designer has to send a message which is merely legible. As for Wells, legibility in itself does not equate to communicating effectively. In her blog post Dont Mistake Legibility for Communication Wells writes, Just because you can read it, doesnt mean it is communicating the intended message. David Carson is famous for his crazy typography and his ability to connect emotion, design and key messages in an effective, impactful way.ÂÂ   Some of it is legible, some of it is not, but all of it delivers a message (Wells 2011). Here, Wells makes the distinction between legibility and effective communication, noting how important it is to make sure that the audience actually receives the message through the emotion behind it and not just the content of the message itself. For Carson, it is not sufficient for something to merely be legible, as it is only one of the potential tools that can be used to achieve the end goal of communicating a message. Carson seems to be able to attract his intended audience in such a way that he not only gets his message across but manages to emotionally connect and engage with them as well. In The Emotion Thesaurus (2012)Ackerman and Puglisi state that the sole reason people pick up a printed production is . to have an emotional experience. They read to connectIt can be argued that this is the same communication goal of Carson too. This can be further demonstrated through some examples of Carsons designs in the Ray Gun publication (1992) which Carson was the art director of: According to DiMarco (2011), after Carson was appointed Art Director for the Ray Gun publication its circulation tripled, emphasising the effectiveness of Carsons designs. DiMarco then states that the magazine was created as an anti-glossy, anti-establishment manifesto that became a synonym of rock roll, rebellion and alternative spirit. This was the audience that Carson was attempting to reach. Therefore, the layout design needed to not only reflect this but to find a way to effectively communicate and connect with his audience as well. In Carsons TED Talk he speaks about the following car garages (see figure 6): Here Carson points out that the two car garage doors displayed (see Figure 6) are both legible and communicate the same message. However, the way the message is communicated is different. As it can be seen that the garage to the left is legible and the message is clear NO PARKING. Stylistically the way that this message has been presented would likely be seen as generic, informative and neutral. Conversely, it could be argued that the garage to the right gives the reader a different feel as the message would likely be interpreted in a different manner to the garage on the left. As the garage to rights with its NO PARKING message has a bold and humanistic style which seems to give it a different tone to the intended viewer. Although it could be argued that this is unintentional the feeling seems to persist nevertheless. The underlining of the same NO PARKING message seems to emphasise the gravity of what is being communicated. All of these stylistic elements add to the way the message is intended to be received by transmitting through the text the emotion of the message. Moreover, other examples of text being written in capitals tend to convey the emotion of anger and often transmits the message of somebody shouting; which in both cases demands that the message being communicated is to be taken seriously as it has been delivered in a direct and effective manner. Carson (2003) himself then goes on to explain about the garage doors in the following way, Im a big believer in the emotion of design, and the message thats sent before somebody begins to read, before they get the rest of the information. That area of design interests me the most. These are a couple of garage doors painted identical, situated next to each other. So, heres the first door. You know, you get the message. You know, its pretty clear. Take a look at the second door and see if theres any different message. O.K, which one would you park in front of? Same colour, same message, same words. The only thing thats different is the expression that the individual door-owner here put into the piece and, again, which is the psycho-killer here? Yet it doesnt say that; it doesnt need to say that. I would probably park in front of the other one (Carson 2003). For Carsons own designs, it seems his focus is on the way he communicates his message. Carson appears to designs his layouts intuitively to create a visceral reaction and response. His designs must connect with his audience emotionally for them to be effective and even if the content of the message cannot do this alone then the way the message has been designed will help the communication process of achieving Carsons communication goal. This can be seen in his designs for The Book Of Probes by Marshall McLuhan. Whilst it may seem that Carsons statement cannot be refuted there have been those that have done so. One example of someone that has vehemently disapproved Carsons methodology, is design writer Joe Clark. In his article titled Illegible David Carson cannot communicate originally published in the Globe and Mail (1995), Clark writes that, Typography is supposed to be invisible. If the intended reader actually notices the typography and graphic design on a page, then youve failed as a designer. The goal of communication is achieved only when typography does not distract (Clark 1995). This line of thinking was influenced from Beatrice Wardes (b. 1900) lecture titled, The Crystal Goblet, or Why Printing Should Be Invisible (1930). Both Clark and Wardes focus is on the content of the message and that the legibility of the message detracts from what is trying to be communicated. Otherwise, the message can be distorted where the information that is trying to be communicated is not what was originally intended. DiMarco (2011) notes how Carson, broke the rules in every way. including negative leading, overlapping, layering, and creating absurd compositional layouts, such as backwards text settings and columns of texts that bled off the page or aligned or overlapped each other. This can be seen in below (figure 8). In Noah Reads article (2009) in regards to Wardes lecture he notes that, Warde asserts that the purpose of written text is thought transference and any type that does anything to distract from that goal is a failure in its purpose. Type is there to illuminate the thoughts and ideas contained in the written word (Read 2009). Here, Read highlights how Warde deems anything that detracts from the content of the message to be a failure in its purpose. In relation to Carson, this would be a failure in his attempt to communicate with his audience. For Warde, the text used in the message should only be implemented to aid the content and the content alone. However, as mentioned earlier, Carson has demonstrated that he arranges the type to effectively communicate rather than to merely share the content alone. For Clark, in his article he rebuked the Ray Gun publication by noting that, Every single typesetting rule of thumb you could possibly come up with has been broken in Ray Guns brief history: Overlapping blocks of copy; light text against dark backgrounds; dark text against dark backgrounds; running text across pages, including stories that are read horizontally across columns (just hop over the gutter between them); deliberately running photos upside-down (Clark 1995). For Clark it seems as if he felt Carsons, Dont mistake legibility, for communication statement was taken to the extreme where because both the message was legible and the audience could misinterpret its intended point too through the way it was designed; then for Clark surely the communication and intended message failed, as the design was illegible in its content and missed the mark in its execution. However, this assertion of Clarks is subjective at best and judging by the sales of the Ray Gun magazine it is presumptive at worse because as mentioned before the publication sold many copies to those prior to Cason design. Additional to this point, it was the philosopher and Professor Marshall McLuhan (b. 1911) who wrote in his book Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (1964) that, the medium is the message. By this, he meant that it is the form of the medium, not the content of the message or even the message itself that is most important. An example, which could argue how Carson supports this theory is where he employs a similar idea into one of his articles for the Ray Gun magazine publication where he uses the Zapf Dingbat typeface. In regards to Carson using the Zapf Dingbat typeface, he states in an interview with Design Boom (2014) that it was one of his favourite briefs. During the interview he shares, We had a new writer from a much bigger music mag, and I was really excited to read this article when it came in. but I was really disappointed to find it was like sooo many others: the writer had been given 10 minutes before the performer went on stage to do his entire interview, and as such he reported the typical stuff like what the singer was wearing, what was in the room etc. boring stuff Id read so many times before. I started going through my fonts, finding nothing that felt right, then came across dingbat. Which would have been the last one on my very extensive list, as its known by the designers name zapf dingbats. Im sure I chuckled a bit, then thought, well, why not? It was a really boring article. So the entire article was set in zapf dingbat (Design Boom 2014). This exemplifies that for Carson communicating his work was more than using words alone but even the piece itself could be communicated through the medium rather than with merely the content. Especially if the content served no purpose in taking the reader on an emotional journey It could be inferred that the purpose the Zapf Dingbat that was to do precisely that to bring excitement, joy and humour to what would have been a boring, dull tedious article. David Carsons statement (2003) Dont mistake legibility for communication is both challenging and thought-provoking. As stated beforehand, not all designers would agree with Carsons evaluation of effective communication. As Carsons statement seems paradoxical at first but when understood in its proper context it appears to be congruent when seen in light of his work. However, when compared with traditional teachings and lectures as to how typography in publications should be treated, it can be argued that the designer could fail in making his or her work both illegible and even worse this may lead to the message of the designer not communicating its desired effect too. Nonetheless, to confine communication to only being something that can be achieved through legibility in content only takes away from what effective communication can be. Taking this into consideration, despite his critics and given his numerous supporters, it is still justifiable to argue that Carson has made a salient point in the Graphic Design world; as it is still relevant today as it was when he first stated it. Consequently, it can be strongly argued that it renders Carson statement, Dont mistake legibility for communication as valid. Reference List Books Tselentis, J., Haley, A., Poulin R., Seddon T., Leonidas G., and Saltz I. (2012) Typography, Referenced: A Comprehensive Visual Guide to the Language, History, and Practice of Typography. Beverly, MA: Rockport Publishers. DiMarco, J. (2010) Digital Design for Print and Web: An Introduction to Theory, Principles, and Techniques. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Ackerman A., and Puglisi B. (2012) The Emotion Thesaurus: A Writers Guide To Character Expression. Seattle: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. Websites Wells, K. (2011) Dont Mistake Legibility For Communication. Available at: http://www.stokefire.com/2011/06/dont-mistake-legibility-for-communication/ (Accessed: 15 December 2016) Clark, J. (2011) Illegible David Carson cannot not communicate. Available at: http://joeclark.org/design/davidcarson.html (Accessed: 13 February 2017) DiMarco, D (2011) David Carson. Available at: http://www.csun.edu/~pjd77408/DrD/Art461/LecturesAll/Lectures/PublicationDesign/DigitalTimes/Davidi-Carson.html (Accessed: 12 February 2017) Noah, R (2009) Graphic Design Theory: The Crystal Goblet. Available at: https://noahread.net/blog/graphic-design-theory-the-crystal-goblet (Accessed: 12 February 2017) Design Boom (2014) Interview with Graphic Designer David Carson. Available at: http://www.designboom.com/design/interview-with-graphic-designer-david-carson-09-22-2013/ (Accessed: 12 February 2017) TED Talks Carson, D. (2003) David Carson: Design and discovery. Available at: http://www.ted.com/talks/david_carson_on_design (Accessed: 21 November 2015) DVD Helvetica (2007) Directed by Gary Hustwit [DVD]. London: Plexi Film. Image List Figure 1 : David Carson: (2004) Design Indaba Speaker [Profile Picture]. Available from: http://www.designindaba.com/profiles/david-carson (Accessed: 3 December 2016) Figure 2. Dont mistake legibility for communication: Thomas, C. (2013) Legibility Vs Communication in Design David Carsons point of view. [Ted Talk]. Available from: https://postmodernmovieposter.wordpress.com/2013/12/30/legibility-vs-communication-in-design-david-carsons-point-of-view/ (Accessed: November 26 2016) Figure 3. Communication Process: Bowers, J. (2006) A Communication Model. Available from: http://www.jerf.org/writings/communicationEthics/node4.html (Accessed: February 12 2017) Figure 4. Cold Sweat. Carson, D. (1989) David Carson. Available from: http://www.davidcarsondesign.com/ (Accessed: February 12 2017) Figure 5. Ray Gun magazine designs. DiMarco, J. (2011) David Carson. Available from: http://www.csun.edu/~pjd77408/DrD/Art461/LecturesAll/Lectures/PublicationDesign/DigitalTimes/Davidi-Carson.html (Accessed: February 12 2017) Figure 6. NO PARKING: Thomas, C. (2013) Legibility Vs Communication in Design David Carsons point of view. [Ted Talk]. Available from: https://postmodernmovieposter.wordpress.com/2013/12/30/legibility-vs-communication-in-design-david-carsons-point-of-view/ (Accessed: November 26 2016) Figure 7. Book Of Probes. Carson, D. (2002) David Carson. Available from: http://www.davidcarsondesign.com/ (Accessed: February 12 2017) Figure 8. Breaking The Rules. DiMarco, J. (2011) David Carson. Available from: http://www.csun.edu/~pjd77408/DrD/Art461/LecturesAll/Lectures/PublicationDesign/DigitalTimes/Davidi-Carson.html (Accessed: February 12 2017) Figure 9. Breaking The Rules 2. DiMarco, J. (2011) David Carson. Available from: http://www.csun.edu/~pjd77408/DrD/Art461/LecturesAll/Lectures/PublicationDesign/DigitalTimes/Davidi-Carson.html (Accessed: February 12 2017) Figure 10. Dingbat. DiMarco, J. (2011) David Carson. Available from: http://www.csun.edu/~pjd77408/DrD/Art461/LecturesAll/Lectures/PublicationDesign/DigitalTimes/Davidi-Carson.html (Accessed: February 12 2017) Bibliography Books Meggs, P (2011) Meggs History of Graphic Design. 5th edn. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Kunz, W. (2004) Typography: Formation and Transformation: Introduction to Typographic Process. Salenstein: Braun Publisher. Lupton, E (2010) Thinking With Type: A Critical Guide for Designers, Writers, Editors, and Students. 2nd edn. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. Craig J., Bevington W., and Koral Scala I. (2006) Designing with Type: The Essential Guide to Typography. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications Inc. Tselentis, J., Haley, A., Poulin R., Seddon T., Leonidas G., and Saltz I. (2012) Typography, Referenced: A Comprehensive Visual Guide to the Language, History, and Practice of Typography. Beverly, MA: Rockport Publishers. Armstrong, H. (2009) Graphic Design Theory: Readings from the Field. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. DiMarco, J. (2010) Digital Design for Print and Web: An Introduction to Theory, Principles, and Techniques. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Ackerman A., and Puglisi B. (2012) The Emotion Thesaurus: A Writers Guide To Character Expression. Seattle: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. Websites Bradley, S. (2010) Legibility And Readability In Typographic Design. Available at: http://vanseodesign.com/web-design/legible-readable-typography/ (Accessed: 30 November 2015) Thomas, C. (2013) Legibility Vs Communication in Design David Carsons point of view. Available at: https://postmodernmovieposter.wordpress.com/2013/12/30/legibility-vs-communication-in-design-david-carsons-point-of-view/ (Accessed: November 26 2016) Clark, J. (2011) Illegible David Carson cannot not communicate. Available at: http://joeclark.org/design/davidcarson.html (Accessed: 13 February 2017) Wells, K. (2011) Dont Mistake Legibility For Communication. Available at: http://www.stokefire.com/2011/06/dont-mistake-legibility-for-communication/ (Accessed: 15 December 2016) DiMarco, D (2011) David Carson. Available at: http://www.csun.edu/~pjd77408/DrD/Art461/LecturesAll/Lectures/PublicationDesign/DigitalTimes/Davidi-Carson.html (Accessed: 12 February 2017) Noah, R (2009) Graphic Design Theory: The Crystal Goblet. Available at: https://noahread.net/blog/graphic-design-theory-the-crystal-goblet (Accessed: 12 February 2017) Design Boom (2014) Interview with Graphic Designer David Carson. Available at: http://www.designboom.com/design/interview-with-graphic-designer-david-carson-09-22-2013/ (Accessed: 12 February 2017) Lynda Adams, S. (2014) Foundations of Graphic Design History. Available at: http://www.lynda.com/Design-Color-tutorials/American-corporate-identity/166781/363080-4.html (Accessed: 24 November 2015) Saltz, I. (2013) Foundations of Typography. Available at: http://www.lynda.com/Design-Typography-tutorials/Foundations-Typography/106698-2.html (Accessed: 29 December 2015) YouTube Carson, D. (2012) David Carson: David Carson Techniques in Design. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f1pQTuJfUi8 (Accessed: 21 November 2015) Puschak, E. (2015) Atemporality: Our Relationship To History Has Changed. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZAv5EKvRrco (Accessed: 02 January 2017) TED Talks Carson, D. (2003) David Carson: Design and discovery. Available at: http://www.ted.com/talks/david_carson_on_design (Accessed: 21 November 2015) DVD Helvetica (2007) Directed by Gary Hustwit [DVD]. London: Plexi Film.